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Lower-level encryption can sneakily drop-kick even the most well-intentioned enterprise out of
compliance and into disarray. You’re sure you’re doing the right thing (after all, IBM said it was the
way to go), but all of a sudden you’re listening to a compliance auditor explaining that your
enterprise has failed in the separation of duties, data protection and key management areas, and
now you need to do a lot of expensive, time-consuming remediation.

We all know it’s better to focus on maintaining strong data security than to center our protection efforts on ever-changing compliance requirements. A secure system is virtually always a compliant
system. And as you’ve probably guessed by now, I strongly believe that it’s much better to use end-to-end encryption to protect sensitive data while it is in transit and at rest, internally and externally, because part of the sensitive data field (or the whole field) is continuously protected by a transparent encryption wrapper.

Continuous protection is critical because, even if we hate to admit it, IT experts are humans. We’re going to make mistakes and leave some attack vector open, some app unpatched, some bit of
something unsecured. The recently released 2008 Verizon Business Data Breach Investigations Report, based on four years of research and forensic examinations of more than 500 companies that suffered a significant data breach, indicated that most breaches result from a mixture of events instead of a single issue, and it noted that a human error often directly or indirectly contributed to the success of the breach. (While the phrase “data breach” conjures up visions of an international attack, accidental, no-evil-intended breaches are quite common.) Malicious code was cited as contributing to the success of nearly one-third of data breaches under investigation.

Contrary to years past, when coders with bad intentions primarily released selfreplicating malware with highly obvious effects to boost their fame among their peers, the focus has now shifted to stealth (the longer it lingers, the more data it can collect) and targeted distribution. A key point to remember when you’re mulling over the benefits of lower-level encryption is that partial end-to-end encryption of data fields can protect from some attacks by malicious code.

Any security system is only as strong as its weakest link, and that is what attackers, inside and
outside of the enterprise, look for. Indeed, they’re looking for those weak links everywhere, up to the
application and even client level, and down to the system internals and driver level.

The conventional risk model used in IT security is that of a linked chain: The system is a chain of
events, where the weakest link is found and made stronger. Sounds good, but it fails to solve the
problem. The strengthening of any link, even if made much stronger, does not guarantee a less
vulnerable system. The system is just dependent on the next weakest link. Worst-case scenario:
The newly hardened link may produce new weak links due to, for example, interoperability issues
with other system parts.

Further, such solutions are actually based on the illogical presumption that "no part will fail at any
time"; if a critical part fails, the system fails. In short, there is an inevitable single point-of-failure: that
weakest link. Making the link stronger will not make the single point-of-failure go away. At most, it
may shift it. So layers of security, including integrated key management, identity management and
policy-based enforcement, as well as encryption of data throughout the entire life cycle, are
essential for a truly secure environment for sensitive data.

There is a slew of research indicating that advanced attacks against internal data flow (transit,
applications, databases and files) is increasing, and many successful attacks were conducted
against data that the enterprise did not know was on a particular system. Storage-layer encryption
doesn’t provide the comprehensive protection that we need to protect against these attacks. And if
you think you know exactly where every bit of personally identifiable data resides on your
company’s systems, you either work for a very small company, or (congratulations!) you’re Mr. or
Ms. Wizard.

There are other problems to consider if you’re thinking of using lower-level encryption. SAN/NAS
encryption can result in questionable PCI compliance, and separation of duties is impossible to
achieve. File encryption doesn’t protect against database-level attacks, and here again we have the
separation of duties issue to worry about. How are you going to effectively and easily keep
administrators from seeing what they don’t need to see with file-level encryption?

Native column-level encryption can create a world of security and compliance traumas, including a
lack of key management capabilities, all sorts of interesting interoperability issues (especially with
the point solutions you so blithely deployed during yet another time crunch) and, yes, separation of
duties. Combining low-level encryption with essential auditing tasks, such as database activity
monitoring and logging, creates additional problems, including monitoring but not blocking access to
data. This results in scalability issues with log volumes, while never helping catch bad guys.
There are also other problems to consider that are limited to specific products, such as central key
generation not being supported by DB2 V9.5, Oracle 11g, SQL Server 2005, Informix 10, Sybase
15 and Teradata 2.6. Central key generation for column-level encryption is not supported by SQL
Server 2008.

End-to-end encryption is an elegant solution to a number of messy problems. It’s not perfect; fieldlevel end-to-end encryption can, for example, break some applications, but its benefits in protecting sensitive data far outweigh these correctable issues. But the capability to protect at the point of entry helps ensure that the information will be both properly secured and appropriately accessible when needed at any point in its enterprise information life cycle.

End-to-end data encryption can protect sensitive fields in a multi-tiered data flow from storage all
the way to the client requesting the data. The protected data fields may be flowing from legacy
back-end databases and applications via a layer of Web services before reaching the client. If
required, the sensitive data can be decrypted close to the client after validating the credential and
data-level authorization.

I’m always eager to try out the next new thing in security technology. I’m even open to fixing things
that aren’t broken, just to see what happens. But some ideas are obviously flawed and not worth
deploying. Lower-level encryption is one of those ideas, and I believe it’s a dangerous devolution in
data protection.